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READING COMPREHENSION - Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea an the overall organization of ideas in the passage. - Look ahead at the questions to determine what types of questions you must answer. - Find the section of the passage that deals with each question. - Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully. - Choose the best answer to each question from the four answer choices listed in your test book.

SKILL 1: ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY What is the “primary purpose?” The passage or the author is “primarily concerned with” what? Which answer “best summarizes the central idea?” Which answer “states the main idea?” What is the “central purpose?” A question can also be limited to only part of the passage: you might be asked, for example, to find the primary purpose of the second paragraph. If the question limits the scope to something more narrow than the entire passage, be very careful as you review the answers.  MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS How to identify the question what is the topic of the passage? what is the subject of the passage? what is the main idea of the passage? what is the authors main point in the passage? with what is the author primarily concerned? which of the following would be the best title? Where to find the answer The answer to this type of question can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of each paragraph. How to answer the question

SKILL 2: RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS HOW TO IDENTIFY THE ANSWER How is the information in the passage organized? How is the information in the second paragraph related to the information in the first paragraph? WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answer to this type of question can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of the appropriate paragraphs. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- Read the first line of each paragraph. 2.- Look for words that show the relationship between the paragraphs. 3.- Choose the answer that best expresses the relationship. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXPipNWbyuk

SKILL 3: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION According to the passage... it is stated in the passage... the passage indicates that... the author mentions that... which of the following is true... WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answers to these questions are found in order in the passage. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- choose a key word in the question. 2.- skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the ker word or idea. 3.- read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully. 4.- look for the answer that restates an idea in the passage. 5.- eliminate the definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjtUkkj4FpY

SKILL 4: FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION which of the following is not stated...? which of the following is not mentioned...? which of the following is not discussed...? all of the following are true except... WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answers to these questions are found in order in the passage. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- choose a key word in the question 2.- scan in the appropriate place in the passage for the key word (or related idea). 3.- read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully. 4.- look for answers that are definitely true according to the passage. eliminate those answers. 5.- choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8dKHVPH_w0

SKILL 5: FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION The pronoun ... in line x refers to which of the following? WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The line where the pronoun is located is generally given in the question. the noun that the pronoun refers to is generally found before the pronoun. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- Find the pronoun in the passage. (the line where the pronoun can be is generally stated in the question). 2.- look for nouns that come before the pronoun. 3.- read the part of the passage before the prooun carefully. 4.- eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxeMebSxJvo

SKILL 6: ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION it is implied in the passage that... it can be inferred from the passage that... it is most likely that... what probably happened...? WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answers to these questions are found in order in the passage. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- choose a key word in the question. 2.- scan the passage for the key word (or a related idea) 3.- carefully read the sentence that contains the key word. 4.- look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7gspetfUww

SKILL 7: ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION The paragraph preceding the passage probably... what is most likely in the paragraph following the passage? WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answer can generally be found in the first line of the passage for a preceding question. The answer can generally be found in the last line for a following question. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- read the first line for a preceding question. 2.-read the last line for a following question. 3.-draw a conclusion about what comes before or after. 4.- choose the answer that is reflected in the first or last line of the passage. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc8UB66GIi0

SKILL 8: FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION What is...? what is the meaning of...? what is true about...? TYPES OF CLUES punctuation: comma, parentheses, dashes. restatement: or, that is, in other words, i.e examples: such as, for example, e.g. WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER Information to help you determine what something means will generally be found after the punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or the example clue. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- find the word in the passage. 2.- locate any structural clues. 3.- read the part of the passage after the structural clue carefully. 4.-eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73p_oKEYqTQ

SKILL 9: DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS When you are asked to determine the meaning of a long word that you do not know in the reading comprehension section of the TOEFL test, it is sometimes possible to determine the meaning of the word by studying the word parts. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yBPZqExjI

SKILL 10: USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDS On the TOEFL test you will sometimes be asked to determine the meaning of a difficult word, a word that you are not expected to know. in this case, the passage will give you a clear indication of what the word mean. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING DIFFICULT WORDS HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION what is the meaning...? which of the following is closest in meaning to...? the word is a difficult word, one that you probably do not know. WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The question usually tells you in which line of the passage the word can be found. HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1.- find the word in the passage. 2.-read the sentence that contains the word carefully. 3.- look for context clues to help you understand the meaning. 4.- choose the answer that the context indicates. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wm5d7c0xGt0

GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE Strategies for the structure questions 1.-First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly. 2.- Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate answers that do not complete the sentence correctly. 3.-Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. Then incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence. 4.-Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are unsure of the correct response. 5.- Do not spend too much time on the structure questions. Be sure to leave adequate time for the Written expression questions.

SKILL 50: USE PREDICATE ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY Predicate adjectives Forms used in front of noun alike like, similar alive live, living, alone, lone, afraid, frightened asleep sleeping A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb such as be. It cannot appear directly in front of the noun that it describes. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PORd6UNeZec&t=1s

SKILL 51: USE -ED AND -ING ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY Articles Countable Contable Uncontable Singular Plural Nouns Nouns NounsIndefinite a dollar ---- dollars ----money(General) an apple ---- apples ----juice Definite the dollar the dollars the money(Specific) the apple the apples the juice ING active it does the action of the verb .. the happily playing children.. (The children play). ED passive it receives the action of the verb ... the frequently played record.. (someone plays the record) To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC52zBlphBg&t=4s

SKILL 52: USE ARTICLES WITH SINGULAR NOUNS Be careful of words beginning with letters such as u, o, e, x, or h. They may begin with either a vowel or a consonant sound. Use Articles with Singular NounsA singular noun must have an article (a/an, the) or some otherdeterminer such as my or each. A plural noun or an uncountablenoun may or may not have an article.I have money. (Uncountable--- no article needed)I have books. (Countable plural--- no article needed)I have a book. (Countable singular--- article needed) To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy3qGgkIg5c&t=2s

SKILL 53: DISTINGUISH A AND AN Distinguish A/An A A is used in front of a singular noun with a consonant sound. AN AN is used in front of a singular noun with a vowel sound.Be careful of words beginning with letters such as u, o, e, x or h. They may begin with either a vowel or a consonant sound. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-8oHsRsq10

SKILL 54: MAKE ARTICLES AGREE WITH NOUNS The definite article “the” is for both singular and plural nouns• The indefinite article “a/an” is used only with singular nouns.• One very common agreement error is to use the singular indefinite “a/an” with a plural noun. He saw a new movies. (incorrect) He saw a new movie. (singular) He saw new movies (plural). To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khwY9IzNVhg&t=3s

SKILL 55: DISTINGUISH SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS General ideas and the statements that express them are kind of like umbrellas. They cover broad categories or groups of people or things and usually express the overall aspects, characteristics, or elements of these categories or groups. Specific ideas and statements offer that support. They usually clarify, explain, and illustrate general ideas and statements by referring to particular individuals, ideas, or things. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9dPYUhn3kc&t=3s

SKILL 56: RECOGNIZE INCORRECT PREPOSITIONS Sometimes an incorrect preposition is given in a sentence in written expression questions on the TOEFL test. The game was called on* because of rain. I knew I could count in* you to do a good job. The first example should say that the game was called off because of rain. The expression called off means canceled, and that is the meaning that makes sense in this sentence. To call on someone is to visit someone, and this meaning does not make sense in this example. In the second example, it is not correct in English to count in someone. The correct expression is to count on someone. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naAyw-ZCWuU&t=2s

SKILL 57: RECOGNIZE WHEN PREPOSITIONS HAVE BEEN OMITTED Preposition can be used in two ways: in a literal way and in an idiomatic way. In the literal use, the preposition means exactly what you expect. -The boy ran up the hill. -She went in the house. In the first example, the preposition up means that the boy went in the direction up rather than down. In the second example, the preposition in means that she went into rather than out of the house. In the idiomatic use, which is what appears most often on the TOEFL test, the preposition appears in an idiomatic expression; that is, its meaning in this expression has nothing to do with the literal meaning. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQNHstss4m4

SKILL 58: DISTINGUISH MAKE AND DO When do you use DO? DO is used when talking about work, jobs or tasks. Note, they do not produce any physical object. When do you use MAKE? MAKE is for producing, constructing, creating or building something new. Make often has the idea of creating or construicting. The following expressions show some of the possible uses of make: To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=WXRcTKWSFbU

SKILL 59: DISTINGUISH LIKE, ALIKE, UNLIKE AND DISLIKE Unlike can be used as a preposition, adjective or a verb. It means different from or not liking (when used as a verb). Alike can be used both as an adjective and an adverb and means similar. GRAMMAR -MEANING -USE Like adjective similar as an adjective,  like is used before a noun Alike adjective similar as an adjective,  alike is used after a linking verb. Like preposition similar both prepositions are followed by objects. they can both be used. Unlike preposition different in many positions, including at the beginning of the sentence. Like verb enjoy both verbs follow subjects dislike verb not enjoy. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzmBWRN_Nx0

SKILL 60: DISTINGUSH OTHER, ANOTHER, AND OTHERS. Other, another and others are very easy to confuse. Use another only to refer to an indefinite, singular idea. Others is used only as a plural pronoun (not accompanied by a noun). In all other cases, other is correct. SINGULAR   PLURAL Indefinite  I have another car.  I have other cars. I have another.  I have others. Definite  I have the other car  I have the other cars. I have the other.  I have the others. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVQEs3lh6VQ

LISTENING SKILLS - As you listen to each short conversation, focus on the second line of the conversation. the answer to the question is generally found in the second line. - Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement of key word or idea in the second line of the conversation. think of possible restatements. - Keep in mind that certain structures and expressions are tested regulary in listening part A. - Keep in mind that these questions generally progress from easy to difficult. - Read the answers and choose the best answer to each question.

SKILL 1: FOCUS ON THE SECOND LINE 1.- The second line of the conversation probably contains the answer to the question. 2.- Listen to the first line of the conversation. if you understand it, that is good. if you dont understand it, dont worry because it probably does not contain the answer. 3.- Be ready to focus on the second line of the conversation because it probably contains the answer. repeat the second line in your mind as you read though the answers in the text. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBBsh3uuotM

SKILL 2: CHOOSE ANSWERS WITH SYNONYMS 1.- As you listen to the second line of the conversation, focus on key words in that line. 2.- If you see any synonyms for key words in a particular answer, then you have probably found the correct answer. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4_oslkx_d8

SKILL 3: AVOID SIMILAR SOUNDS What does "similar" means? What does "sound" means? The answer to this question is easy... some words sound the same, mean different things and are spelt differently AVOID THEM!!! SIMILAR SOUNDS Homophones Why? Because when you hear a conversation you can get confused and choose the wrong answer in the TOEFL test. 1.- Identify key words in the second line of the conversation. 2.-Identify words in the answers that contain similar sounds, and do not choose these answers. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7hIuHz6n14

SKILL 4: DRAW CONCLUSION ABOUT WHO, WHAT WHERE Conclusions about WHO, WHAT, WHERE It is common for you to be asked to draw one of the following conclusions in Listening Part A. 1.-WHO is probably talking? 2.-WHAT will s/he probably do next? 3.-WHERE does the conversation probably take place? Example (woman) The next stop on our tour of Atlanta will be the original home of Coca-Cola, at 107 Marietta Street. Coca-Cola was manufactured at this location until early in September of 1888. You think: Who is probably talking? (a tour guide) Where are they? (in Atlanta) When does the talk take place? (in the middle of a tour) To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-izKM0VULGI&t=1s

SKILL 5: LISTEN FOR WHO AND WHAT IN PASSIVE As we listen to each conversation in this part, we should be trying to set the situation in our mind. We should be thinking the following thoughts: Who is talking? What is the source of the information for the conversation? To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFpEoY3OU5c

SKILL 6: LISTEN FOR WHO AND WHAT WITH MULTIPLE NOUNS Who and what with multiple nouns. When there are multiple nouns in a sentence, it is common for the answers to confuse which noun does what To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys4b6a-Islc

SKILL 7: LISTEN FOR NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS TYPES OF NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS. Expression Regular negative: not or n´t Example Tom is not sad about the results. Correct answer not sad = happy Expression other negatives: nobody, none, nothing, never. Example Nobody arrived on time. Sal never works hard. Correct answer nobody....on time=late never works hard= lazy To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7vCXWwcOWw

SKILL 8: LISTEN FOR DOUBLE NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS DOUBLE NEGATIVES Situation negative word (e.g. not, no, none) and a negative prefix (e.g. in, un, dis). Example He didn´t like the unclean office. Meaning did not like unclean office= liked clean office. Situation two negative verbs Example It isn´t snowing, so they aren´t going to the mountains. Meaning implies that they would go if it were snowing. Situation neither or not....either Example Sue didn´t like the movie, and neither did Mark. Meaning both did not like the movie To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ygc6DIUn5Y

SKILL 9: LISTEN FOR “ALMOST NEGATIVE” EXPRESSIONS Common "almost negative" expressions Meaning almost none Expression hardly, barely, scarcely, only. Example There is hardly any food in the refrigerator. Meaning almost never Expression rarely, seldom Example He rarely drives to work. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAp9ilzVZWs

SKILL 10: LISTEN FOR NEGATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES COMPARATIVES WITH NEGATIVES Comparative more Example no one is more beautiful than she is Meaning She is the most beautiful Comparative er Example He couldn't be happier. Meaning He is extremely happy To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlcwgF-lFBA

SKILL 11: LISTEN FOR EXPRESSIONS OF AGREEMENT Expressions of agreement Agreement with positive statements so I do me, too. I´ll say! Isn´t it! you can say that again! Agreement with negative statements Neither do I. I don´t either To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjkKKiC_38w

SKILL 12: LISTEN FOR EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND SUGGESTIONS. Uncertainty means: feeling doubt about something; something that you cannot be sure about; or a situation that causes you to be or feel uncertain.When you are not sure whether something or someone will or will not happen, use the following expressions. For example, to the question: "Will John follow a career in business?" You may respond as follows: Well, it's possible, it's impossible, it might be, it might not be, it could happen, I suppose, but I wouldn't like to say for certain. I'm not sure I doubt it. I have my own doubts. it's doubtful. It's highly / very unlikely. You never know of course, no one can know for certain. I can't tell you for sure. When you are learning a language, you become very good at showing people you don't know something But sometimes we have an idea about something, but we're not completely sure. Expressions of uncertainty and suggestion Unc

SKILL 13: LISTEN FOR EMPHATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SURPRISE Expressions of emphatic surprise Verb be Emphatic form be, with emphasis Example Then, he is here! Meaning I thought he was not here. Verb Modal Verb Present tense Verb past tense Verb perfet tense Emphatic form modal, with emphasis To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFmMkkGXDDc

SKILL 14: LISTEN FOR WISHES Key information about wishes POINT An affirmative wish implies a negative reality. A negative wish implies an affirmative reality. EXAMPLE I wish I had time to help I wish I did not have time to help MEANING No time to help Time to help POINT A past tense verb implies a present reality. A past perfect tense verb implies a past reality. EXAMPLE I wish he were at home I wish he had been at home MEANING is not at home was not at home To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gm3Aoy6I8C8

SKILL 15: LISTEN FOR UNTRUE CONDITIONS Key information about untrue conditions POINT An affirmative condition implies a negative reality. A negative condition implies an affirmative reality. A past tense implies a present reality A past perfect verb implies a past reality Had can be used without if EXAMPLE If she were at home, she could do it. If she weren´t at home, she could do it. If had money, i would buy it. If had had money, i would have bought it. Had i had money. i would have bought it MEANING not at home at home do not have money did not have money did not have money To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OualsHB1FqE

SKILL 16: LISTEN FOR TWO AND THREE-PART VERBS These verbs are expressions that include a verb and one or more particles (surch as in, on or at); the particle changes the meaning of the verb. questions involving two-and three-part verbs can be difficult for students because the addition of the particle changes the meaning of the verb in an idiomatic way. Three-part phrasal verbs are important if you want to express yourself in English in the most natural way possible.  You can use many of these verbs in both casual and formal English.  For example, “The meeting lasted three hours. Now, I need to catch up on my work.” To “catch up on” is both casual and formal. It means “to do something you have not had time to do earlier.” To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZnk6NHAjQ8

SKILL 17: LISTEN FOR IDIOMS Idioms are special expressions in a language that all speakers of the language know these special expressions describe one situation in life but are applied to many different areas of life. Idiom question can be dificult for student because they seem to be describing one situation when they are really describing a different situation. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVHlVbIgUH0

SKILL 18: ANTICIPATE THE TOPIC The participant will hear conversations and the questions on a recording, they are not written in the test book and he/she must choose the best answer to each question from the four choices that are written in the test book. The conversations are often about some aspect of school (how difficult a class is, how to write a research paper, how to register for a course) or about general living (renting an apartment, playing sports, going to the bank). The conversations can also be about topics currently in the news in the United States (desalination of the water supply, recycling of used products, damage from a storm or some other type of natural phenomenon). To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNQviTYI4OA

SKILL 19: ANTICIPATE THE QUESTION In this part we can anticipate what the questions will be and listen specifically for the answers to those questions. For the example, we just look the multiple choice, so we can be quite certain that one of the questions will be about when something will happen. Since we are sure that is one of the questions, we can listen carefully for clues that will give us the answer. In other word, the helpful strategy therefore is to look briefly at the answers in the test book, before you actually hear the conversations on the recording, and try to determine the questions that we will be asked to answer. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4xohaoB6KU

SKILL 20: DETERMINE THE TOPIC   You should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for each conversation. since the first one or two sentences generally give the topic, you should be asking yourself what the topic is while you are listening carefully to the first part of the conversation. To get more information watch the next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0c-JkOB3uE